Liberal News - Unit 4

Bomb at the "Liceo Theatre"

The past 7th of November took place an anarquist attack against the bourgoise of the Condal city.  What happened? Who really provoked it?

It was the evening of the 7th of November when an unexpected event terrified the city of Barcelona. The Liceo theatre was crowded with important figures of the city eager to attend one of the most anticipated releases; the theatre opened its doors to present "Guillermo Tell", the last opera of Rossini. It was around the 11 p.m when two bombs Orsini were thrown from the fifth floor to the stalls, although only one of them bust (the other one was cushioned by an already deceased spectator). It killed 22 people and injured 35. The authorities related this to an anarchism plot.

We talk with some testimonies and they have described the event as something frightening; "I went down to the seats. In the theater , large, full of light, the rigid bodies were seen, others were giving the last gaps. There were wounded screaming and unconscious ladies, also a girl between ten or twelve years old dead. Some musicians from the orchestra with their white bibs soaked in blood, helped to move the wounded... it was imposing", pronounced by Aurora Roja.

But, who caused the attempt? 

It was the 2th of January, when after a great investigation  the police found that Santiago Salvador was the author of the attempt. 

We  could talk with one of the policeman and he told us with details how Salvador carried out the attack.

Santiago Salvador

"He entered to the Liceo through the door that led to the Street of San Pablo with the two bombs in the belt, under the blouse. He went up to the fourth or fifth floor and stayed in the hall, where he could see the people, happy and full of enthusiasm and he thought that it was the right moment to act. He avanced one arm and the the other and the two bombs fell into the yard.

After the attack he went to Castelserás for Tortosa and Gandesa and they fled to Zaragoza where we caught him, after he tried to commit suicide by shooting himself in the stomach."

He was imprisoned in solitary cinfinement on February 1st and  he´s now waiting to be judged on the trial that will take place on April 11th.

The 4 Enlighteners Unit 4

ADVANCES ARRIVE BY RAILWAY

9th October 1848 

The event has been confirmated: next 28th October will take place the first Spanish railway's inauguration. Several tests have been made to prove the mechanism works perfectly, but... how does this new machine come to the Iberian Peninsula?

Eleven years ago, emerged the railway line in Cuba, joining the cities of  La-Habana and Güinea. The development of this transport line was facilitated by Miquel Biada, a young business man who get richer by the slaves trade. He lost his fortune in Venezuela when the country became independent. Then, he travelled to Cuba looking for recovering his money and finally he achieved it.  

The success of the company he was member of in Cuba, led him to bring the project of the railway to Spain.

However, it was difficult to carry the railway to the Iberian Peninsula, because there wasn´t too many people that support the project and invest on it. Some people also say that this transport causes illnesses and its smoke is bad for the health, or that the sparkles could cause fires. Despite the project has suffered some sabotage, it has remained firm.

It is expected that the trip from Barcelona to Mataró lasts 35 minutes. It will transport around 400 people, among whom Miquel will not be found because of his recent death a few months ago. Therefore, Miquel won´t be able to see his dream come true.


This event will be an act that will mark a new era in Spain, because it represents the progress of the country and how the Spanish Peninsula is making giant steps to catch the european industry and the advances in all the world. We hope the bourgueoise would like the project and support financially the industrialization of our beautiful country.

The Militia 4

LORD BYRON SCANDALIZES LORDS

Last 27th February, in The House of Lords (London), must examine a proposed law, alredy adopted by The House of Commons, which establishes the death penalty for breaking machines (luddites attacks), but a young poet, will be the only opponent.

 

This young man is Lord Byron and he is a great poet and writer. He was born 22th January 1788 (London). 

He had a strong advocate of social reform, he received particular praise as one of the few Parliamentary defenders of the Luddites: specifically, he was against a death penalty for Luddites.

                 
                  What was Byron's role in parliament?

As a member of the House of Lords, Byron attended 15 sessions, and spoke three times, always from a Whig position. In this speech, against a bill calling for the death penalty for frame-breakers, he is often ironic, but passionate in his defence of the protesting workers. 

      WHO ARE THE LUDDITIES?

Its origins date back to  the 19th century labor movement that railed against the economic fallout of the Industrial Revolution.

The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who object to the increased use of automated looms and knitting frames. Most were trained artisans who had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood.

THE SPEECH

From 1811 the introduction of power-driven mechanical frames for the manufacture of stockings sparked off a series of protests around Nottingham, after groups of skilled labourers had lost work as a result of the new technology. Using the name ‘Luddites’, from an imaginary leader, Ned Ludd, they broke into workshops at night and smashed up the frames. The police and military were brought in to find and arrest Luddites, for the most part unsuccessfully, as shown here in Lord Byron's speech.

DIDEROT NEWS: UNIT 4

THE BAKUNIN-MARX SPLIT END WITH THE INTERNATIONAL

The inequalities and differences among marxists and anarchists has ended with the International. ¿Is there going to be a second one?

Our reporters have visited St Martin´s Hall two hours ago, we have talked with some member and in conclusion, due to the wide variety of philosophies present in the First International, there was conflict from the start, the conflict has been increaing all that time and the bomb has explote.

The first objections to Marx's influence came from the mutualists, (who opposed communism and statism) but even with the mutualists facing marxists, Marx and Bakunin became the figureheads of two different camps: Marxists and Anarchists respectively.

But they did not agree in anything, perhaps the clearest differences between the groups emerged over their proposed strategies for achieving the elimination of the class-based society and  the establishment of a communist society:  

Marchists wanted to achieve this goal through the class struggle in which the working-class would gain political power for establish then a proletariat dictatorship and they would finally to impose a communist society and economy.

On the other hand, anarchists would achieve it through individual freedom in which they would fight against any authority or institution that limited individual freedom by means of terrorists attacks,they would be organised into independent communes without a state or any political party.

The anarchists grouped around Bakunin favoured, in Peter Kropotkin´s words "direct economical struggle against capitalism, without interfering in the political parliamentary agitation" and Marxist thought was focused on parliamentary activity.

We have had the pleasure to talk with Marx, the leader of the marxists, here you have a short interview:
REPORTER: Good morning Marx! Thank you for giving us some minutes. Well, what is your opinion about the end of the International?

MARX: Good morning! It is a pleasure. To be honest, I expected it be because the differences between Bakunin and me were obvious.

REPORTER: Can you talk about that differences? Just the most important ones.

MARX: Ha ha ha, one day we had the greatest discussion, we were talking about the establishment of the proletariat dictatorship; I supported this measure because if our purpose is to end with the class-based society, the first step is to take the power and then make and equal society. But Bakunin said that if we take the power we wouldn´t leave it because is a very good advantage.

REPORTER: Don´t you think that maybe Bakunin was right?

MARX: Perhaps, but we won´t know it now.

REPORTER: Okey, that´s true ha ha ha. I hope to see you soon Marx.

MARX: Me too! Goodbye!

REPORTER : Bye!

THE ROYAL FAMILY UNIT-4

The Steam Machine.

We´re going to talk you, reader about the invention that have changed our world: The steam machine.

Its history.

James Watt

We know that the initial patent owned to Thomas Savery in 1698, that was a document in where there wasn´t any practical information. It was a steam water pump called Miner´s friend. Later, in 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a better design of a steam machine based in Savery´s idea, but the machine we know was developed by James Watt, or that is what we have been told. Now, we are going to tell you all the truly history of the steam machine.

Thomas Newcomen

The first record we have comes from the Egyptian civilization in a scripture of Heron of Alejandria named Spiritalia seu Pneumatic. There, it is described a baby steam machine that will have to be developed through the pass of the time to become the one we know nowadays.

It is also said that in 1543 Blasco de Garay, a Spanish marine officer, tried to boost a ship with a steam machine there is no data of the motor, but on Simancas archive it is described that event.

In 1601 Giovanni Battista della Porta describes a machine to boost water through fire similar to Heron´s one. Some years later, in 1606, Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont registered the first patent of a steam machine that has been used successfully.

But all of this were no more than antecessors. the current one we know was invented by Edward Somerset on 1663. It was developed with the purpose of raising water yo the upper floors of the Rawlan´s Casttle. However, he can´t afford producing and selling his machines, and he died on poverty. This is probably the fact that makes the invention attributed to Thomas Savery which was later improved by James Watt. 

Now it is time recognized Somerset invention and never again outshine his name. He was the Truly inventor of the steam machine.

Edward somerset

How does it work.

For you all who don´t know much about it, the steam machine is an appliance that burns coal to break free the thermal energy that it contains.

In a boiler a certain amount of water is seethed incessantly. After being heated by various fuels such as wood, coal or oil, it boils. When it is boiling, the steam generated is concentrated by making a high pressure and in that state, it is directed to a closed chamber. The steam from the boiler enters into the chamber, where there is a cylinder, which, by expanding the volume of the water, pushes a piston that generates a movement of translation or rotation.

The basic parts of the steam engine in a locomotive would be a boiler, slide valve, cylinder, steam reservoir, piston and a drive wheel.